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Great Andamanese languages
The Great Andamanese languages are an extinct language family once spoken by the Great Andamanese peoples of the Andaman Islands (India), in the Indian Ocean. The last fluent speaker, of what may have been a creole based on Aka-Jeru, died in 2009.
== History ==
By the late 18th century, when the British first settled on the Andaman islands, there were an estimated 5,000 Great Andamanese living on Great Andaman and surrounding islands, comprising 10 distinct tribes with distinct but closely related languages. From the 1860s onwards, the setting up of a permanent British penal colony and the subsequent arrival of immigrant settlers and indentured labourers, mainly from the Indian subcontinent greatly reduced their numbers, to a low of 19 individuals in 1961.
Since then their numbers have rebounded somewhat, reaching 52 by 2010.〔 However, by 1994 seven of the ten tribes were already extinct,〔A. N. Sharma (2003), ''(Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands )'', page 75. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.〕 and divisions among the surviving tribes (Jeru, Bo and Cari) had effectively ceased to exist〔Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1922). ''The Andaman Islanders: A study in social anthropology.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.〕 due to intermarriage and resettlement to a much smaller territory on Strait Island. Some of them also intermarried with Karen (Burmese) and Indian settlers. Hindi increasingly serves as their primary language, and is the only language for around half of them.〔(Anosh Malekar, "The case for a linguisitic survey," ''Infochange Media,'' August 1, 2011. )〕〔Abbi, Anvita, Bidisha Som and Alok Das. 2007. "Where Have All The Speakers Gone? A Sociolinguistic Study of the Great Andamanese." Indian Linguistics, 68.3-4: 325-343.〕 The last known speaker of the Bo language died in 2010 at age 85.〔(2011) ''〕 but also may be referred to simply as "Jero" or "Great Andamanese".
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